Patricia Highsmith

Patricia Highsmith (January 19, 1921 - February 4, 1995) was an American novelist who is known mainly for her psychological crime thrillers which have led to more than two dozen film adaptations. Strangers on a Train has been adapted to the screen three times, notably by Alfred Hitchcock in 1951. In addition to her acclaimed series about murderer Thomas Ripley, she wrote many short stories, often macabre, satirical or tinged with black humor.

Early life
Born Mary Patricia Plangman just outside Fort Worth, Texas, she was raised first by her maternal grandmother and later by her mother and stepfather, who were both commercial artists.

Highsmith's mother Mary divorced her father five months before her birth. The young Highsmith had an intense, complicated relationship with her mother and resented her stepfather, although in later years she sometimes tried to win him over to her side of the argument in her confrontations with her mother. According to Highsmith, her mother once told her that she had tried to abort her by drinking turpentine. Highsmith never resolved this love-hate relationship, which haunted her for the rest of her life, and which she fictionalized in her short story "The Terrapin," in which a young boy stabs his mother to death.

Highsmith's grandmother taught her to read at an early age. Highsmith made good use of the extensive library of her mother and stepfather. At the age of eight, she discovered Karl Menninger's The Human Mind and was fascinated by the case studies of patients afflicted with mental disorders such as pyromania and schizophrenia.

In 1942, Highsmith graduated from Barnard College, where she studied English composition, playwriting and the short story. Living in New York City and Mexico between 1942 and 1948, she wrote for comic book publishers, turning out two stories a day for $55-a-week paychecks. With Nedor/Standard/Pines (1942–43), she wrote Sgt. Bill King stories and contributed to Black Terror. For Real Fact, Real Heroes and True Comics, she wrote comic book profiles of Einstein, Galileo, Barney Ross, Edward Rickenbacker, Oliver Cromwell, Sir Isaac Newton, David Livingstone and others. In 1943-45 she wrote for Fawcett Publications, scripting for such Fawcett Comics characters as Golden Arrow, Spy Smasher, Captain Midnight, Crisco and Jasper. She wrote for Western Comics in 1945-47.

At the suggestion of Truman Capote, she rewrote her first novel, Strangers on a Train, at the Yaddo writer's colony in Saratoga Springs, New York. The book proved modestly successful when it was published in 1950. However, it was due to Hitchcock and his 1951 film adaptation of the novel that Highsmith's career and reputation catapulted. Soon she became known as a writer of ironic, disturbing psychological mysteries highlighted by stark, startling prose. Other filmmakers &mdash; primarily European &mdash; followed suit as several Highsmith novels, including The Blunderer (1954), This Sweet Sickness (1960), The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955) and Ripley's Game (1974) were adapted for films.

She was a lifelong diarist, and developed her writing style as a child writing entries in which she fantasized that her neighbours had psychological problems and murderous personalities behind their facades of normality, a theme she would explore extensively in her novels.

Highsmith included homosexual overtones in many of her novels and addressed the theme directly in The Price of Salt and the posthumous Small g: a Summer Idyll. The Price is known for its happy ending, the first of its kind in homosexual/lesbian fiction. Published in 1953 under the pseudonym Claire Morgan, it sold almost a million copies. The inspiration for the book's main character, Carol, was a woman Highsmith saw in Bloomingdales, where she worked at the time. Highsmith found out her address from the credit card details, and on two occasions after the book was written (in June, 1950 and January, 1951) spied on the woman without the latter's knowledge.

Personal life
According to her biography, Beautiful Shadow, Highsmith's personal life was a troubled one; she was an alcoholic who never had a relationship that lasted for more than a few years, and was seen by some of her contemporaries and acquaintances as misanthropic and cruel. She famously preferred the company of animals to that of people, and once said, "My imagination functions much better when I don't have to speak to people."

Highsmith, a bisexual who never married, had a number of affairs with both men and women. In 1949 she became close to the novelist Marc Brandel. Between 1959 and 1961, she had a relationship with Marijane Meaker, who wrote under the pseudonym M.E. Kerr.

She is sometimes labelled antisemitic because of her support of the Palestinian cause and because of comments she made to friends. She was accused of misogyny because of her satirical collection of short stories Little Tales of Misogyny.

Though her writing &mdash; 22 novels and 7 books of short stories &mdash; was highly acclaimed, especially outside of the United States, Highsmith preferred for her personal life to remain private. She had friendships and correspondences with several writers, and was also greatly inspired by art and the animal kingdom. Highsmith believed in American democratic ideals and in the promise of US history, but she was also highly critical of the reality of 20th-century American culture and foreign policy. In 1963 she moved to Europe, where she spent the rest of her life.

Novels


The protagonists in Highsmith's novels defy the accepted model in detective fiction of the tough-talking, honest hero featured in the works of authors such as Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler; the heroes in many of her novels are either morally compromised by circumstance or actively flouting the law. Many of her antiheroes commit murder in fits of passion, or simply to extricate themselves from a bad situation. They are just as likely to escape justice as to receive it.

Her recurring character Tom Ripley, an amoral, sexually ambiguous multiple murderer, was featured in a total of five novels, known to fans as the Ripliad, written between 1955 and 1991. He was first introduced in The Talented Mr. Ripley (Coward-McCann, 1955). After a January 9, 1956 TV adaptation on Studio One, it was filmed by René Clément as Plein Soleil (1960, aka Purple Noon and Blazing Sun) with Alain Delon, whom Highsmith praised as the ideal Ripley. The novel was adapted under its original title as a 1999 film by Anthony Minghella, starring Matt Damon, Gwyneth Paltrow, Jude Law and Cate Blanchett.

A later Ripley novel, Ripley's Game, was filmed by Wim Wenders as The American Friend (1977). Under its original title, it was filmed again in 2002, directed by Liliana Cavani with John Malkovich in the title role. Ripley Under Ground (2005), starring Barry Pepper as Ripley was shown at the 2005 AFI Film Festival but has not had a general release.

Highsmith died of leukemia in 1995 in Locarno, Switzerland, aged 74. In gratitude to the place that helped inspire her writing career, she left her estate, worth an estimated $3 million, to the Yaddo colony. Her last novel, Small g: a Summer Idyll, was published posthumously a month later.

Listen to

 * 1987 RealAudio interview with Patricia Highsmith by Don Swaim

Novels

 * Strangers on a Train (1950)
 * The Price of Salt (as Claire Morgan) (1953), also published as Carol
 * The Blunderer (1954)
 * The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955)
 * Deep Water (1957)
 * A Game for the Living (1958)
 * This Sweet Sickness (1960)
 * The Two Faces of January (1961)
 * The Cry of the Owl (1962)
 * The Glass Cell (1964)
 * A Suspension of Mercy (1965), also published as The Story-teller
 * Those Who Walk Away (1967)
 * The Tremor of Forgery (1969)
 * Ripley Under Ground (1970)
 * A Dog's Ransom (1972)
 * Ripley's Game (1974)
 * Edith's Diary (1977)
 * The Boy Who Followed Ripley (1980)
 * People Who Knock on the Door (1983)
 * Found in the Street (1987)
 * Ripley Under Water (1991)
 * Small g: a Summer Idyll (1995)

Children's book of verse and drawings:
 * Miranda the Panda Is on the Veranda (with Doris Sanders) (1958)

Writing manual:
 * Plotting and Writing Suspense Fiction (1966)

Story collections

 * Eleven (1970), also published as The Snail-Watcher and Other Stories
 * Little Tales of Misogyny (1974)
 * The Animal Lover's Book of Beastly Murder (1975)
 * Slowly, Slowly in the Wind (1979)
 * The Black House (1981)
 * Mermaids on the Golf Course (1985)
 * Tales of Natural and Unnatural Catastrophes (1987)

Short story collections put together by her publishers after her death:
 * Nothing That Meets the Eye: The Uncollected Stories (2002)
 * Man's Best Friend and Other Stories (2004)

Awards

 * 1946 : O. Henry Award for best publication of first story, for "The Heroine" in Harper's Bazaar
 * 1951 : Edgar Award nominee for best first novel, for Strangers on a Train
 * 1956 : Edgar Award nominee for best novel, for The Talented Mr. Ripley
 * 1957 : Grand Prix de Littérature Policière, for The Talented Mr. Ripley
 * 1963 : Edgar Award nominee for best short story, for "The Terrapin"
 * 1964 : Silver Dagger Award from the Crime Writers' Association of Great Britain
 * 1990 : Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the French Ministry of Culture